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Kamena Dorling, head of policy and programmes at Coram Children's Legal Centre, looks at the potentially harmful consequences of asylum applicants having their ages disputed by officials

Australian media invests considerable attention in asylum seekers and their children, especially those arriving by boat. In this paper, we provide an analysis of Australian newsprint media published during the term of Australia&rsquo ; s Gillard&rsquo ; s government (2010&ndash ; 2013). This period is critical as it coincides with rising numbers of boat arrivals to Australian shores, fear towards Muslims, and growing Islamophobia. At the time, there were government promises to move children from offshore immigration detention into community-based detention, that would involve living among mainstream Australian society. A data set of 46 articles from major Australian newspapers articles was subject to a discourse analysis of representations of children in both the written texts and in silences. Manipulative tactics of &lsquo ; risk framing&rsquo ; and &lsquo ; dispersed intentionality&rsquo ; were identified as discursive acts aimed to confuse compassion and deviancy with respect to asylum seeker children presumed to be from Islamic backgrounds. We argue that this was achieved through binary characterizations in which Muslim parents and people smugglers were constructed as deviant alongside intentional silences, that may have otherwise elicited compassion for asylum seeker children. We propose that this period of media reporting is foundational to understanding the rise of Islamophobic discourses and the implication of Muslim children in Australia.

Indonesia, Australia and 43 Papuan asylum seekers The arrival of forty three Papuan asylum seekers at Cape York in January 2006, and the decision by the Australian government to grant the asylum seekers refugee status, propelled the Papuan issue to the forefront of public debate. Australia was accused of interfering in Indonesia's domestic affairs and boosting the separatist cause. The incident triggered considerable antagonism in Indonesia, culminating in a breakdown in diplomatic relations. The highly negative response is due to Indonesia's sensitive feelings about Papua and the distrust over Australia's intentions in the province. Indonesia's territorial integrity and the Importance of Papua Sensitivities over Papua can be attributed to insecurity over the ability of Indonesia's leaders to hold the enormous and diverse nation together. With over 300 different ethnic groups and more than 15,000 islands this is no easy task. This is clear in the rigorous nation building project .conducted by the first President Sukarno to create a shared sense of identity among people of the archipelago necessary to forge a modern nation state. The concept of Indonesia has come under serious challenge since independence. The first decade and a half were characterised by frequent conflict mainly based on dissatisfaction with the central government. After 30 years of authoritarian rule an explosion in regional conflicts occurred, calling into question the nation's boundaries. These secessionist movements pose a serious challenge to the Indonesian state and are the reason behind the anxiety with which Indonesia view questions of national unity. For many Indonesians the importance of Papua comes down to the question of the reason for the existence of Indonesia. Indonesia's identity is not based on an ethnic or religious idea but a political one, which includes all the territory which was previously the Dutch East Indies. If Papua were to separate from the republic it is thought that the rationale behind Indonesia would be undermined. A more practical reason why Papua must is considered crucial to the rest of Indonesia is its abundance of natural resources. The two struggles for Papua, firstly against the Dutch and secondly against Papuan separatism have made Papua even more important in the minds of Indonesians and have turned the territory into a highly loaded nationalistic symbol. The struggle to maintain Papua within the Indonesian framework has led to the strengthening of a rival nationalism and demands for Papuan independence. This has taken the form of Free West Papuan an armed guerrilla resistance which has been a constant symbol of Papuan independence along with other groups including the radical student movement. Domestically, the nationalist conviction to hold firmly on to Papua remains dominant. This is clear in the way that any steps to accommodate Papuan aspirations have been opposed by elements of the political elite. This sheds light on some of the conflicting pressures facing the current President and why the Papuan issue has the ability to generate such a strong response Foreign Policy Shift and Papuan Solidarity In Australia One of the core reasons for the knee-jerk reaction from Jakarta is the perception that Australia poses a threat to Indonesian sovereignty over Papua and is intent on weakening Indonesia. Repeated declaration of Australian support for Indonesia's control of Papua has done little to alleviate opinion leader's distrust. These are genuine fears which can be directly attributed to events in the history of the relationship. The heavy involvement of Australia in East Timor helps to fuel suspicion that it could be repeated again in Papua together with the interference of Australia in West Papua during the 1960's. Additionally, the support the Papuan cause has generated amongst civil society groups and minor parties is seen as further complicating the Papuan issue. Australia-Indonesian Relationship The ease at which the relationship fell into disarray over the asylum seeker case reflects several inadequacies. The Australian government unquestionably reiterates it support for Indonesia's sovereignty over Papua due to the foreign policy stance which recognises a stable relationship with Indonesia as paramount. On the other hand, the plea of the west Papuan asylum seekers appeals to the community's concerns for social justice and increases support for the cause. This represents a divide between public and government opinions which has been a reoccurring theme in the history of the relationship. This gap not only breeds distrust but appears to be contrary to the notion of democracy. Due to the emotive nature of the Papuan issue misconceptions are widespread. Indonesia's accusations of Australia's interference assume the government has the power to stifle public debate and does not acknowledge the real reasons behind Papuan demands for self-determination. On the part of Australia, failure to understand the complexities of the Papuan issue and tendencies to see Indonesia through tainted lenses can lead to a worsening of the situation. While relations appear to have returned to normal, the row over Papuan asylum seekers has revealed an underlying fragility which is often masked by strong working relationships between leaders. Australia is in a tough position as this recent reaction suggests further interference in the Papua issue would cause relations to disintegrate, however if steps are not taken towards a peaceful resolution then the opinions of Papuan supporters are unlikely to change. Papua is likely to colour aspects of the bilateral relationship for a prolonged period of time.

LGBTQ+ support NGO: 'Deaths in refugee camps, especially among the LGBTQ+ community, are becoming a troubling trend. This is no longer just an incident but a cry for help.'

It has been widely documented that refugees are one of the most vulnerable layers of society to health problems due to poor access to social services, as well as difficulties in housing and nutrition, poor living conditions, and abuse. The health services provided to IDPs are often inadequate and appropriate. Refugees and immigrants have difficulty accessing health care services, medicines, counselling, diagnosis, treatment and rehabilitation services almost all over the world. Today, inequality, regional struggles, and global shifts strongly reflect the ongoing problems of refugees and migrants and their future escalation. This study uses a qualitative research method with a literature approach. The results of the study stated that the settlement of matters regarding their stay, nutrition, accommodation and health services must be prepared in advance, and especially human rights must be respected. In this regard, the actions of governments, civil society organizations and universities at the regional and global levels will contribute to a better future of immigration.Keywords: Refugees and Immigrants; International Immigration; Health Law; Health problems; Health services; Convention Regarding the Status of Refugees Hak Kesehatan Pengungsi, Imigran dan Pencari Suaka AbstrakTelah banyak didokumentasikan bahwa pengungsi adalah salah satu lapisan masyarakat yang paling rentan terhadap masalah kesehatan karena buruknya mendapat layanan sosial, selain karena kesulitan dalam perumahan dan gizi, kondisi hidup yang buruk, dan adanya pelecehan. Pelayanan kesehatan yang diberikan kepada pengungsi seringkali tidak cukup dan layak. Pengungsi dan imigran mengalami kesulitan mengakses layanan perawatan kesehatan, obat-obatan, konseling, diagnosis, pengobatan dan layanan rehabilitasi hampir terjadi di seluruh dunia. Saat ini, ketidaksetaraan, perjuangan regional, dan pergeseran global sangat mencerminkan masalah pengungsi dan migran yang terus berlanjut dan eskalasi mereka di masa depan. Penelitian ini menggunakan metode penelitian kualitatif dengan pendekatan literatur. Hasil penelitian menyatakan bahwa penyelesaian urusan tentang masa tinggal mereka, nutrisi, akomodasi dan layanan kesehatan harus disiapkan terlebih dahulu, dan terutama hak asasi manusia harus dihormati. Dalam hal ini, tindakan pemerintah, organisasi masyarakat sipil dan universitas di tingkat regional dan global akan berkontribusi pada masa depan imigrasi yang lebih baik.Kata Kunci: Pengungsi dan Imigran; Imigrasi Internasional; Hukum Kesehatan; Masalah kesehatan; Pelayanan kesehatan; Konvensi Terkait Status Pengungsi Права на здоровье беженцев, иммигрантов и просителей убежища АннотацияШироко задокументировано, что беженцы являются одним из наиболее уязвимых слоев общества с точки зрения проблем со здоровьем из-за плохого доступа к социальным услугам, а также трудностей с жильем и питанием, плохих условий жизни и жестокого обращения. Медицинские услуги, предоставляемые беженцам, часто неадекватны и не соответствуют требованиям. Беженцы и иммигранты почти во всем мире испытывают трудности с доступом к услугам здравоохранения, лекарствам, консультациям, диагностике, лечению и реабилитации. Сегодня неравенство, региональная борьба и глобальные сдвиги во многом отражают текущие проблемы беженцев и мигрантов и их будущую эскалацию. В этом исследовании используется качественный метод исследования с литературным подходом. Результаты исследования показали, что решение вопросов, касающихся их пребывания, питания, проживания и медицинского обслуживания, должно быть подготовлено заранее, и особенно должны соблюдаться права человека. В этом отношении действия правительств, организаций гражданского общества и университетов на региональном и глобальном уровнях будут способствовать лучшему будущему иммиграции.Ключевые Слова: Беженцы и иммигранты; международная иммиграция; закон о здоровье; проблемы со здоровьем; медицинские услуги; конвенция о статусе беженцев

Abstract
The education of students from refugee and asylum seeker backgrounds is an international concern. It calls for inspired teachers, sensitive interventions, and informed leadership. This writing discusses the views of students, teachers, general staff, parents, and the principal of a primary school in regional New South Wales, Australia regarding the sense of belonging that is so critical to the very diverse school culture. It is intended to inform and challenge others engaged in school leadership to reflect on their strategies and policies for welcoming students with refugee and asylum seeker status into their communities. It details the strategies and perspectives planned by one principal and his staff to provide an authentically inclusive environment for refugee and asylum seeker students in an already fractured community. Working with the principles of the components of the SCARF model, status, certainty, acceptance, relatedness, and fairness, originally designed as a collaborative workplace model, the principal adopted this model to guide the creation of unique, social justice-focussed school ethos and culture in a dominantly white education system and local culture. The data from the participants is recorded in their own words and includes comments from refugee parents and their children. This study provides evidence of the need for strategic planning for inclusion and the importance of perspectives, which acknowledge the vulnerabilities and difficulties of these communities whilst also interacting and developing relationships of human dignity and respect.

Worldwide, no fewer than 50 million people a year are now fleeing dangerous and often life threatening situations in their countries of origin (UNHCR, 2014c). As one part of this movement, thousands risk journeys through dangerous waters hoping to obtain asylum in Australia. However, Australian Government policies adopted since 2013 aim to ensure that no asylum seeker nor any of the 3,500 detainees held in offshore detention centres will ever be settled on the mainland. To this has now been added a declaration that none of the recent refugees or 6200 asylum seekers waiting in Indonesia in centres run by the United Nations High Commissioner for Refugees (UNHCR) will gain entry (Whyte, 2014a). These immigration policies differ dramatically from those adopted in earlier decades that produced the country's decidedly multicultural identity. This article reviews these changing perspectives of Australian governments and communities within the context of international obligations and expectations; the experiences of those directly involved in border policing practices and in detention centres; and the attitudes of national media. Relations and conflicts among the interests of the different parties are discussed and the scope for less punitive responses to the plight of asylum seekers is examined. The authors then focus on alternative processes to better address the interests and objectives of legitimately interested parties by processes which successively examine, optimise and reconcile the concerns of each. In so doing, they aim to demonstrate that such methods of sequential problem solving can respond effectively to the multiple concerns of the many significant stakeholders involved in increasingly significant global issues, whereas recourse to such single-goal, top-down programs as are expressed in the government's current determination to "Stop the boats" at all costs are unlikely to prove sustainable.

Who is an immigrant? lmmigrant in principle is anyone who from one place moved to another. Regardless of whether they are moving within the country or abroad. When you talk about immigrant's they are generally thought of people voluntarily changing their place of residence, for instance for family reasons, political reasons, economic reasons, war reasons or a new job. Who is considered as a refugee? Legally, fugitive unlike the immigrant apart refugee is a person who meets the requirements of the Geneva Convention on refugees. According to these criteria the refugee is someone who seeks better tomorrow because of their race, religion, nationality, political opinion or membership in a particular social group would have to leave his place of residence. Which is considered an asylum seeker? Persons who apply for political asylum are called asylum seekers. The decision to request the Federal Office adopts asylum in Germany for Migration and Relugees (BAMF). That office assesses whether the applicant meets the requirements for obtaining political asylum or refugee status. Until it decides on that request, the applicant must live in special shelters and not allowed to run. Who is entitled to asylum in Germany? ln the German constitution states that: "Political exiles have the right to asylum." Political exiles that apply for political beliefs in their homeland are isolated to the extent that there is violation of their human rights. Difficult conditions like poverty, is no reason for granting asylum. Political asylum can now enjoy only the person who does not come from etc. countries with safe descent. What is country with safe descent? Countries with safe descent persecute their citizens and they are not practicing inhumanity or degrading punishment- but even citizens, who come from countries with secure origin, cannot be expelled. Each applicant for asylum in Germany must have had the chance to legally prove that the country of origin is threal ened by some danger. What happens atter the rejection of the request for ...